William E. Boden

Cardiologist and lead investigator of the COURAGE trial

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Last updated Nov 8, 2026

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COURAGE at 25 years: upfront PCI does not reduce death or heart attack in stable coronary disease

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Lead investigator; COURAGE follow-up published

For decades, cardiologists have debated whether opening a narrowed artery early in stable coronary disease prevents heart attacks and saves lives. The longest follow-up yet of the COURAGE trial says it does not.

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