Computer scientist and cryptanalyst; set the Vatican Challenge
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Challenge he posted in 2019 still showed zero solves as of September 16, 2026
A 484-year-old papal letter, written in a numeric cipher with variable-length codes and decoy nulls, has been cracked using simulated annealing, an optimization algorithm from machine learning. The recovered key, 18 letters plus one null, held up whether the ciphertext's first or second half was solved independently.
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