California Auto Emissions Waiver Battles (1970-Present)
1970-2026What Happened
Clean Air Act granted California unique authority to set vehicle emissions standards stricter than federal rules. EPA must approve waivers; 17 states adopted California standards. Trump administration revoked waivers in 2019; Biden restored them in 2021; Trump revoked again in 2025 using Congressional Review Act. Eleven states sued to invalidate the 2025 rescission.
Outcome
Litigation continues for years; automotive industry lobbies for federal uniformity.
California standards effectively became national as automakers built to strictest requirements rather than maintaining separate production lines.
Why It's Relevant Today
Shows how large state markets (California = 12% of U.S. economy) can set de facto national standards even amid federal opposition—exactly what's at stake with AI regulation.
