Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that corporations and unions may spend unlimited money on independent political advertising, striking down long-standing federal limits. The decision created the legal space for super PACs, which can raise and spend unlimited sums as long as they do not coordinate with candidates.
Super PACs became the dominant vehicle for large political donations, reshaping the 2010 and 2012 election cycles.
Groups across the political spectrum adopted the super PAC structure, including AIPAC's United Democracy Project.
AIPAC's shift from direct contributions toward super PAC spending reflects the post-Citizens United landscape, where unlimited independent spending has largely replaced regulated direct giving.
