Bernie Madoff (2008)
Madoff confessed in December 2008 that his investment advisory firm was a massive Ponzi scheme, defrauding investors of an estimated $65 billion in paper losses. The SEC had received complaints about Madoff for years but failed to uncover the fraud.
Madoff was arrested and later sentenced to 150 years in prison. The SEC's failure to detect the fraud led to internal reforms.
The case became the benchmark for SEC enforcement failures and prompted changes in how the agency handles tips and complaints.
Both cases involve SEC enforcement against investment advisers who misrepresented fund values to investors, though Madoff's fraud was far larger and involved outright theft.
