California Class Size Reduction (1996)
California offered per-pupil bonuses to schools that capped kindergarten through third-grade classes at 20 students. Districts rushed to hire teachers, and many new hires lacked full credentials.
Class sizes fell quickly in participating schools, but staffing shortages and uneven implementation followed.
Early test-score gains faded in later research, and the program became a cautionary example of capping class size without enough qualified teachers.
Madison's report shows the same tension: a class-size rule is only as good as the staffing available to meet it, especially in small or high-poverty buildings.
