Bell Labs transistor (1947)
John Bardeen and Walter Brattain demonstrated the first working transistor at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey. The device replaced bulky vacuum tubes and showed how sustained corporate research could create new industries.
Bell Labs licensed the technology, and transistors quickly entered radios and computers.
The semiconductor industry grew from that work, centered on regions with dense research and manufacturing.
IBM's Chicago system is a shared research tool meant to seed a regional quantum industry, much as early transistor work seeded semiconductors.
