Boulder, Colorado municipalization (2011-2020)
Boulder voters approved a 2011 ballot measure to create a municipal utility to replace Xcel Energy, driven by climate goals and frustration with the investor-owned utility. The city spent over a decade and more than $20 million on studies and legal battles.
Xcel fought the effort, and the two sides negotiated for years without a final break.
In 2020, Boulder and Xcel settled, ending the municipalization effort in exchange for Xcel's commitment to clean energy goals.
Shows how difficult it is for a city to break from an established utility, even with voter support and significant resources.
