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Indonesia passes domestic workers protection law after 22 years

Indonesia passes domestic workers protection law after 22 years

Rule Changes

Millions of household workers gain legal employee status, rest days, and social security

April 22nd, 2026: Government begins drafting implementing rules

Overview

For 22 years, Indonesia's roughly 4.2 million domestic workers (nearly 90% of them women) have cleaned, cooked, and raised other people's children with no legal status as employees. On April 21, 2026, that changed. On Kartini Day—a holiday honoring women's rights—the House of Representatives passed the Domestic Workers Protection Law (UU PPRT), a bill first introduced in 2004 that stalled for five parliamentary terms.

The law recognizes domestic workers as legitimate employees, guarantees rest days, health insurance, and pensions, bans placement agencies from skimming wages, and sets a minimum working age of 18. Regulators have one year to write implementing rules. The real test is whether protections reach kitchens and back rooms or remain promises on paper.

Why it matters

4.2 million workers—most of them women—just moved from invisible informal labor into a legal framework that recognizes them as employees with rights.

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Key Indicators

22 years
From introduction to passage
The PPRT bill was first submitted to parliament in 2004 and lapsed across five legislative terms before passage.
4.2M
Domestic workers covered
Ministry of Manpower estimate of household workers now granted legal employee status.
~90%
Share who are women
The sector is overwhelmingly female, making the law a major women's rights milestone.
18
New minimum working age
Aims to end the practice of employing children as young as 11 or 12 in private homes.
12 months
To draft implementing rules
Government deadline to issue the regulations that make the law operational.

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People Involved

Puan Maharani
Puan Maharani
Gaveled the law through on Kartini Day
 Prabowo Subianto
Prabowo Subianto
Backed the law; government now drafts implementing rules
 Supratman Andi Agtas
Supratman Andi Agtas
Delivered government's position at plenary
 Lita Anggraini
Lita Anggraini
Two-decade advocacy campaign culminated in passage

Organizations Involved

JALA PRT
JALA PRT
Labor advocacy coalition
Primary civil society force behind the law

Indonesia's National Network for Domestic Workers Advocacy, the coalition that drafted and campaigned for the PPRT bill for more than two decades.
House of Representatives (Libya)
House of Representatives (Libya)
National legislature
Enacted the PPRT law

Indonesia's 580-seat lower house, which passed the PPRT bill during its 17th plenary session of the 2025–2026 fourth sitting period.

Timeline

July 2004 April 2026

12 events Latest: April 22nd, 2026 · 1 month ago Showing 8 of 12
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  1. Government begins drafting implementing rules

    Latest Regulatory

    Ministry of Law and Ministry of Manpower open one-year process to define enforcement, inspection, and registration mechanics.

  2. DPR passes Domestic Workers Protection Law on Kartini Day

    Legislative

    17th plenary session enacts UU PPRT, granting legal employee status to 4.2 million domestic workers. One-year window opens for implementing regulations.

  3. Civil groups renew calls ahead of expected vote

    Protest

    JALA PRT and allied groups press for passage after repeated delays push past the three-month pledge.

  4. Prabowo pledges PPRT passage within three months

    Political

    On International Labour Day, president and DPR leadership commit publicly to enacting the law.

  5. Prabowo Subianto sworn in as president

    Political

    New administration signals support for previously stalled labor legislation.

  6. Six-city hunger strike draws international attention

    Protest

    Around 360 domestic workers in Jakarta, Medan, Tangerang, Semarang, Yogyakarta, and Makassar take turns fasting from sunrise to sunset.

  7. DPR adopts PPRT as its own initiative bill

    Legislative

    Parliament takes procedural step to own the bill, but floor action stalls again.

  8. Bill lapses as DPR term ends

    Legislative

    Parliament's 2009-2014 term ends without action; bill must be reintroduced.

  9. First hunger strike in Yogyakarta

    Protest

    Four domestic workers and JALA PRT coordinator Lita Anggraini begin hunger strike to pressure parliament.

  10. ILO adopts Convention 189 on domestic workers

    International

    Global standards recognizing domestic work as work are adopted. Indonesia signs onto drafting but does not ratify.

  11. HRW report on child domestic workers

    Report

    "Workers in the Shadows" documents an estimated 640,000 girls, some as young as 11, working up to 18-hour days in Indonesian homes.

  12. Human Rights Watch documents abuse of domestic workers

    Report

    HRW's "Help Wanted" report details physical, sexual, and financial abuse of Indonesian domestic workers and calls for legal protections. Advocacy groups draft the first PPRT bill the same year.

Historical Context

3 moments from history that rhyme with this story — and how they unfolded.

January 2013

Philippines Kasambahay Law (2013)

President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act 10361, granting the Philippines' roughly 1.9 million domestic workers minimum wage, social security, health insurance, and a mandatory written contract. It was the first Southeast Asian law of its kind and came two years after the country ratified ILO Convention 189.

Then

Registration and compliance rose in Metro Manila but lagged in rural areas. Minimum wages below the national floor drew criticism from labor groups.

Now

A decade later, enforcement remains uneven—most Filipino domestic workers still lack written contracts and social security coverage, illustrating the gap between passage and delivery.

Why this matters now

The Kasambahay Law is the closest regional analogue to Indonesia's PPRT and shows that passage is the beginning, not the end. Indonesia's implementing-rules year will determine whether it repeats the Philippine pattern.

September 2013

US Fair Labor Standards Act domestic worker amendments (2013)

The Obama administration's Department of Labor extended federal minimum wage and overtime protections to roughly 2 million US home-care workers, reversing a 1974 "companionship" exemption that had excluded them. The original 1938 FLSA had excluded domestic and agricultural workers outright—a carveout widely understood as a concession to Southern legislators.

Then

Home-care agencies restructured schedules to avoid overtime; some workers saw hours cut.

Now

The rule survived industry legal challenges and cemented domestic work as covered employment. Live-in workers, however, remained partially exempt from overtime rules.

Why this matters now

Domestic workers have been the last category of labor to gain legal protection in almost every industrialized economy. Indonesia's 22-year delay fits a global pattern where the political weakness of a female, often invisible workforce slows reform.

1973 onward

Hong Kong's Foreign Domestic Helper contract regime (1973–present)

Hong Kong established a Standard Employment Contract in 1973 for foreign domestic helpers—mostly Filipinas and Indonesians—setting minimum wages, rest days, and contract terms. Roughly 160,000 Indonesians work under this system today. A 2021 court case secured equal minimum-wage rights but the "two-week rule" and live-in requirement remain.

Then

Provided baseline protection and formal contracts from the start.

Now

Live-in requirements and employer-tied visas create structural dependencies that advocates say enable abuse despite contract protections.

Why this matters now

Hong Kong shows that formal contracts alone do not prevent abuse when workers lack exit options. Indonesia's new domestic framework will face similar questions about complaint mechanisms and whether workers can leave abusive employers without losing legal status.

Sources

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Bloomberg The Jakarta Post The Manila Times Tempo ANTARA News Human Rights Watch TIME International Labour Organization University of Melbourne Centre for Indonesian Law