California at-berth shore power rule (2007)
California's Air Resources Board adopted a rule requiring container, cruise and refrigerated-cargo ships at major ports to connect to shore power or use equivalent emission controls. The state's largest ports then had to build the electrical berths to make that possible.
Los Angeles and Long Beach built shore power connections, and plug-in rates climbed slowly as ships were retrofitted and berths came online.
Shore power became standard equipment at the biggest US container ports, and the rule was later extended to more ship types.
It is the clearest test of whether mandatory shore power actually gets used, which is the question now facing Savona and other EU ports.
