Citizens United and SpeechNow (2010)
The Supreme Court ruled that corporations and unions could spend unlimited money on independent political expenditures. A federal appeals court decision the same year, SpeechNow.org v. FEC, let donors give unlimited sums to committees that spend independently of candidates.
Super PACs formed within months and spent heavily in the 2010 midterms.
The independent-expenditure regime became the dominant channel for big money, held together by a ban on coordinating with candidates.
The coordination ban at the heart of the Wiener complaint exists because of this regime. The 2024 FEC opinion loosened that ban for canvassing.
