Colombia reshuffles Congress and narrows presidential field ahead of May vote

Overview

Colombia held its most consequential election day in four years on March 8, simultaneously replacing all 103 senators and 183 members of the House of Representatives while running primary elections for three major political coalitions. President Gustavo Petro's Historic Pact expanded its Senate presence from 20 seats to a projected 25, while the opposition Democratic Center grew from 13 to roughly 17. No party came close to a majority, guaranteeing that whoever wins the May 31 presidential election will govern with a fragmented legislature.

In This Story

3 Videos

7 People

Cepeda and de la Espriella advance to a polarized runoff

3 Context

Colombia's 2022 congressional and presidential elections

Key Indicators

Projected Historic Pact Senate seats

Up from 20 in 2022, making it the largest bloc in the upper chamber

Projected Democratic Center Senate seats

Up from 13 in 2022, consolidating the main opposition force

22.8%

Historic Pact Senate vote share

The highest share of any single party, but far short of a majority

~36M

Eligible voters

Turnout was notably low, with fewer than half the number of voters who participated in 2022

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People Involved

Gustavo Petro

President of Colombia (2022-2026) (Serving final months of single term; constitutionally barred from re-election)

Ivan Cepeda

Senator and Historic Pact presidential candidate (Leading in polls; will compete directly in May 31 first round)

Abelardo de la Espriella

Independent right-wing presidential candidate (Polling frontrunner on the right; competing directly in first round)

Paloma Valencia

Senator and Democratic Center presidential candidate (Won right-wing primary; faces challenge of consolidating conservative vote)

Claudia Lopez

Former mayor of Bogota and center coalition presidential candidate (Won center primary; positioning as alternative to left-right polarization)

Roy Barreras

Former senator and Front for Life presidential candidate (Won left-wing primary after Cepeda's exclusion reshaped the contest)

Sergio Fajardo

Former governor of Antioquia and presidential candidate (Running directly in first round; polling around 7.6%)

Organizations Involved

Historic Pact (Pacto Historico)

Political Coalition / Party

Status: Largest party in the incoming Senate with projected 25 seats

Colombia's main left-wing political force, formed as a coalition in 2021 and recently merged with Petro's Human Colombia movement to create a single party.

Democratic Center (Centro Democratico)

Political Party

Status: Main opposition party; second-largest Senate force with projected 17 seats

Colombia's principal right-wing party, founded by former president Alvaro Uribe, and the leading opposition force during Petro's presidency.

National Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral)

Electoral Authority

Status: Facing criticism over impartiality after controversial rulings

Colombia's electoral regulatory body, responsible for overseeing campaigns, party registration, and the legality of primary processes.

Timeline

Colombia holds congressional elections and three presidential primaries
Election

Roughly 36 million eligible voters cast ballots in a combined election day. Historic Pact wins a projected 25 Senate seats, Democratic Center takes 17, and three coalition primaries produce winners: Paloma Valencia on the right, Claudia Lopez in the center, and Roy Barreras on the left. Turnout falls sharply from 2022 levels.
Yesterday
Electoral council approves merger of Historic Pact and Human Colombia
Legal

The National Electoral Council clears the merger of Petro's two political vehicles into a single left-wing party, consolidating the left's institutional infrastructure four days before congressional elections.
5 days ago
Electoral council bars Cepeda from left-wing primary
Legal

The National Electoral Council votes 6-4 to exclude Ivan Cepeda from the Front for Life primary, ruling he had already participated in a party primary. The deciding vote comes from a judge with past ties to rival candidate de la Espriella, sparking accusations of bias.
February 4th, 2026
Petro meets Trump in Washington, de-escalating year-long feud
Diplomatic

After a year of tariffs, sanctions, and mutual accusations, Petro travels to Washington for a meeting with Trump following a cordial phone call that reversed months of hostility.
February 2nd, 2026
De la Espriella skips right-wing primary, runs independently
Campaign

Polling frontrunner Abelardo de la Espriella announces he will bypass the right-wing coalition primary and compete directly in the May 31 first round through his Defensores de la Patria movement.
December 8th, 2025
US imposes sanctions on Petro over drug policy dispute
Diplomatic

The US Treasury sanctions Petro personally, accusing him of links to the drug trade. The State Department revokes his visa. Bilateral relations hit their lowest point in decades.
October 20th, 2025
Ivan Cepeda launches presidential campaign for Historic Pact
Campaign

Senator Cepeda begins his presidential bid, quickly rising to the top of opinion polls alongside conservative lawyer Abelardo de la Espriella.
August 1st, 2025
Petro blocks US deportation flights, triggering tariff standoff
Diplomatic

Petro revokes landing rights for US military deportation aircraft mid-flight. Trump announces 25% emergency tariffs on Colombian imports, rising to 50%. Colombia backs down within days.
January 26th, 2025
Congress approves pension reform, Petro's only major legislative win
Legislative

After prolonged debate, Congress passes pension reform 86-32, making it the only one of Petro's five flagship reforms to clear the legislature. Health and labor reforms remain blocked.
June 14th, 2024
Petro elected as Colombia's first left-wing president
Election

Gustavo Petro defeats Rodolfo Hernandez in the presidential runoff, promising ambitious social reforms including health, pension, and labor overhauls.
June 19th, 2022
2022 congressional elections establish new left-right balance
Election

Historic Pact wins 20 Senate seats, becoming the largest party for the first time but falling short of a majority. Democratic Center wins 13 seats as the main opposition force.
March 13th, 2022

Scenarios

Cepeda and de la Espriella advance to a polarized runoff

Discussed by: Bloomberg, AtlasIntel polling, Americas Quarterly analysts

The most likely scenario based on current polling. With both frontrunners at roughly 31-32%, they would advance past the May 31 first round to a June runoff, reproducing the left-right polarization of 2022. Cepeda would seek to inherit Petro's voter base while positioning himself as more pragmatic, while de la Espriella would campaign on security and anti-corruption. The fragmented Congress elected on March 8 would make governing difficult for either winner, as neither left nor right commands a legislative majority.

A centrist candidate breaks through to the runoff

Discussed by: AS/COA poll tracker, Sergio Fajardo's campaign, centrist media commentators

If Claudia Lopez or Sergio Fajardo consolidates the centrist vote, one could displace either Cepeda or de la Espriella from the runoff. Fajardo polled at 7.6% and Lopez's primary turnout was low, making this a stretch. However, Colombian runoffs have historically rewarded moderates, and a centrist entering the second round would likely draw crossover voters from both sides. This scenario requires one centrist to drop out early and the other to capitalize on voter fatigue with polarization.

Valencia consolidates the right, splitting de la Espriella's base

Discussed by: Democratic Center strategists, Colombia Reports, Latin America Reports

Paloma Valencia's primary victory gives her institutional backing and a party with 17 Senate seats. If she secures a strong vice-presidential running mate and de la Espriella's support erodes, she could claim the right-wing lane. However, with only 1.1% in polls versus de la Espriella's 32%, this would require a dramatic collapse in his support. More likely, the split right-wing vote helps Cepeda advance to the runoff in first place.

Low turnout and voter apathy produce a surprise outcome

Discussed by: City Paper Bogota, Colombian political scientists, pre-election survey data

The sharp drop in primary turnout compared to 2022 signals widespread voter fatigue. A majority of voters remain undecided, and Colombia's recent history includes late-breaking swings, as when Rodolfo Hernandez surged from near-obscurity to the 2022 runoff. A new candidate or a scandal could reshape the race before May 31, particularly given the number of voters expressing dissatisfaction with all current options.

Historical Context

Colombia's 2022 congressional and presidential elections

March-June 2022

What Happened

Colombia's Historic Pact won the most Senate seats in March 2022 congressional elections, then Gustavo Petro won the presidency three months later, becoming the country's first left-wing head of state. But his 20-seat Senate bloc fell short of a majority, and he never assembled a stable governing coalition.

Outcome

Short Term

Petro entered office with congressional opposition that blocked his health and labor reforms, passing only pension reform after prolonged negotiation.

Long Term

The mismatch between executive ambition and legislative fragmentation defined Petro's presidency and set the pattern for 2026: winning the presidency is one thing, governing without a congressional majority is another.

Why It's Relevant Today

The 2026 results repeat this pattern. Historic Pact grew to 25 seats but still lacks a majority, meaning the next president, whether from the left or right, will face the same legislative arithmetic that constrained Petro.

Chile's 2021 constitutional convention and subsequent political fragmentation

May 2021 - September 2022

What Happened

Chile elected a left-dominated constitutional convention in May 2021, followed by leftist Gabriel Boric winning the presidency in December. But the proposed constitution was overwhelmingly rejected in a September 2022 referendum, and Boric's legislative agenda stalled in a fragmented Congress.

Outcome

Short Term

Boric moderated his agenda and reshuffled his cabinet after the constitutional defeat, shifting toward centrist coalition-building.

Long Term

Chile's experience showed that left-wing electoral victories in Latin America do not automatically translate into durable legislative power, particularly when voter enthusiasm fades between elections.

Why It's Relevant Today

Colombia's sharp drop in primary turnout and the left's inability to consolidate behind a single candidate echo Chile's trajectory: initial enthusiasm followed by fragmentation and voter fatigue.

Colombia's 2014 congressional elections and Santos re-election

March-June 2014

What Happened

President Juan Manuel Santos's Unity Party won the most Senate seats with 21 of 102, while Uribe's newly formed Democratic Center won 19. Santos won re-election in June by building a broad coalition, but the fragmented Congress slowed his peace agreement with the FARC guerrillas.

Outcome

Short Term

Santos secured a second term but faced constant legislative horse-trading to advance the peace process.

Long Term

Congressional fragmentation became a permanent feature of Colombian politics. The 2016 peace deal narrowly lost a referendum before being revised and passed through Congress, demonstrating how legislative arithmetic shapes even transformative policy.

Why It's Relevant Today

Twelve years later, Colombia's Congress remains structurally fragmented. The 2026 results, with at least five parties holding 10 or more Senate seats, guarantee that coalition-building will again be the central challenge for whoever wins the presidency.