Iran and the United States held initial indirect nuclear talks in Muscat, Oman on February 6, 2026, mediated by Omani Foreign Minister Badr al-Busaidi, following disputes over venue and agenda. Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi described the discussions as a 'very good start,' with US envoys Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner exchanging positions through intermediaries on Iran's nuclear program.
The second round took place on February 17 in Geneva, where Araghchi announced 'good progress' and agreement on main 'guiding principles' to guide drafting of a potential agreement text, amid US military buildup and Iranian insistence on nuclear-only focus with sanctions relief. No third round date is set yet, but both sides plan to exchange drafts; expectations remain cautious with zero-enrichment demands from Washington and dilution offers from Tehran.
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Oscar Wilde
(1854-1900) ·Victorian · wit
Fictional AI pastiche — not real quote.
"How extraordinary that nations should threaten one another with annihilation over the right to split atoms, when they have already proven themselves so proficient at splitting hairs. One might suggest that diplomacy, like marriage, consists largely of two parties insisting they will discuss everything except the only things worth discussing."
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People Involved
Steve Witkoff
White House Special Envoy for Peace Missions (Led US delegation in Muscat Feb 6 and Geneva Feb 17 talks with Kushner; part of reported progress on guiding principles)
Abbas Araghchi
Iranian Foreign Minister (Led Iranian delegation in Muscat Feb 6 and Geneva Feb 17; announced agreement on 'guiding principles' and progress toward draft texts)
Masoud Pezeshkian
President of Iran (Ordered resumption of nuclear talks with U.S.)
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
Supreme Leader of Iran (Ultimate decision-maker on nuclear policy)
Organizations Involved
IN
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Organization
Status: Blocked from inspecting sites damaged in June 2025 war
The United Nations nuclear watchdog responsible for monitoring Iran's compliance with international agreements.
Timeline
Geneva Round Two Yields Guiding Principles Agreement
Negotiation
Second round of indirect talks concluded after three hours; Araghchi reports 'good progress' and consensus on guiding principles to draft potential agreement texts for exchange. No third round date set; US calls talks 'as anticipated'; Iran rejects non-nuclear topics.
Iran Signals Compromise on Uranium Dilution
Statement
Iran offers to dilute 60% enriched uranium stockpile if sanctions relief discussed; Deputy FM Takht-Ravanchi says 'ball in America's court' ahead of Geneva talks.
First Round of Muscat Talks Convened
Negotiation
US envoys Witkoff and Kushner held indirect nuclear talks with Iranian FM Araghchi in Oman, mediated by Omani FM Badr al-Busaidi. Araghchi called it a 'very good start'; no breakthroughs but agreement to continue.
Iran Displays Upgraded Khormshahr-4 Missile
Military
Iran publishes video claiming newly improved missile carries 1.5-ton warhead, travels 2,000 kilometers, and can strike Israel with 30-meter accuracy. Display signals strength ahead of Oman talks.
Talks Nearly Collapse Over Location and Format
Negotiation
Iran backs out of Istanbul agreement, demanding bilateral nuclear-only talks in Oman instead. White House initially rejects, threatens cancellation. At least nine Arab nations urgently lobby Trump administration to preserve talks.
Talks Restored After Regional Pressure
Diplomacy
Following urgent appeals from regional leaders, Trump administration agrees to relocate talks to Oman and narrow agenda to nuclear issues only. Jared Kushner added to US delegation alongside Witkoff.
Pezeshkian Orders Talks Resumed
Decision
Iranian president directs resumption of nuclear negotiations. Meeting with Witkoff expected Friday in Istanbul.
Araghchi Signals Readiness for Talks
Statement
Foreign minister says Iran ready for diplomacy "with mutual respect," but missiles remain non-negotiable.
Regime Launches Crackdown
Domestic
After initially conciliatory response, government orders live fire on protesters. Thousands killed in following days.
Mass Protests Begin
Domestic
Protests erupt across Iran starting at Tehran's Grand Bazaar over inflation and currency collapse, quickly spreading to all 31 provinces.
Warhead Program Authorized
Decision
Reports emerge that Khamenei authorized development of miniaturized nuclear warheads for ballistic missiles in October.
Iran Terminates JCPOA
Policy
Iran officially ends the 2015 nuclear agreement, declaring all restrictions void.
UN Sanctions Reimposed
Legal
European powers trigger snapback mechanism, reimposing all UN sanctions that JCPOA had suspended.
Twelve-Day War Ceasefire
Military
Israel and Iran agree to ceasefire under U.S. pressure after 12 days of military exchanges.
U.S. Bombs Nuclear Facilities
Military
United States directly bombs Iranian nuclear sites at Fordow, Isfahan, and Natanz.
Sixth Round Cancelled
Negotiation
Scheduled talks in Oman indefinitely suspended following Israeli strikes.
Israel Strikes Iranian Nuclear Sites
Military
Israel launches surprise attack targeting over 100 military and nuclear sites, killing scientists and officials. Natanz enrichment plant destroyed.
Three More Rounds Held
Negotiation
U.S. and Iran complete five rounds of talks through May. Sixth round scheduled for June 15 in Oman.
Second Round in Rome
Negotiation
Indirect talks continue. Trump says he's open to meeting Khamenei directly.
First Round of Talks in Muscat
Negotiation
Witkoff and Araghchi hold first indirect talks through Omani mediators. Iran proposes reducing enrichment to 3.67% in exchange for frozen assets.
Khamenei Rejects Overture
Statement
Supreme Leader publicly rejects negotiations, saying talks would only tighten sanctions pressure.
Trump Sends Letter to Khamenei
Diplomacy
Trump sends letter to Supreme Leader demanding full nuclear dismantlement, enrichment halt, and end to proxy support within two months.
Khamenei Reverses Position
Decision
After senior officials warn regime could collapse, Khamenei agrees to nuclear talks with conditions: missiles and proxies off-limits.
Maximum Pressure 2.0 Launched
Policy
Trump signs National Security Presidential Memorandum 2 directing officials to impose maximum pressure on Iran.
Trump Returns to Office
Political
Donald Trump inaugurated for second term, inheriting Iran at its weakest point since 1979 following proxy losses and economic pressure.
Both sides accept a narrower agreement focused solely on the nuclear program: Iran caps enrichment at low levels and accepts enhanced IAEA monitoring; the U.S. provides targeted sanctions relief on oil exports and frozen assets. Missiles and regional proxies are deferred to future talks. This mirrors Iran's 2025 proposal and resembles the original JCPOA framework. Triggers: economic desperation in Tehran, Trump's preference for deal-making over prolonged conflict, successful Turkish-Qatari mediation.
2
Talks Collapse, U.S. Strikes Iranian Targets
Discussed by: Atlantic Council, Geopolitical Monitor, Washington Post defense analysts
Negotiations fail to bridge the enrichment gap. Trump, facing a self-imposed deadline and a massive military buildup already in place, orders strikes on remaining nuclear infrastructure and missile sites. Iran retaliates against U.S. bases in the Gulf. Regional escalation follows. Triggers: Iranian refusal to halt enrichment, provocative missile test, Trump's domestic political calculus, Israeli pressure.
3
Stalemate: Neither Deal Nor War
Discussed by: ISPI, House of Commons Library, Iran International analysts
Talks produce neither breakthrough nor breakdown. Both sides engage in diplomatic theater while Iran quietly rebuilds nuclear capacity and the U.S. maintains sanctions and military posture. The crisis simmers without resolution, extending into Trump's second term. Triggers: mutual distrust, domestic constraints on both leaders, lack of verification mechanisms for damaged sites.
4
Regime Instability Overtakes Negotiations
Discussed by: Foreign Policy, Al Jazeera, exile opposition groups
The January crackdown fails to suppress unrest. Economic conditions worsen, protests resume, and the regime faces an existential crisis that makes nuclear diplomacy secondary. Negotiations pause or collapse as Tehran focuses on survival. The outcome could range from reformed clerical rule to military takeover to prolonged civil conflict. Triggers: renewed mass protests, security force defections, economic collapse beyond government control.
Historical Context
JCPOA Nuclear Deal (2015)
July 2015
What Happened
After 20 months of negotiations, Iran and six world powers finalized the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in Vienna. Iran agreed to reduce its uranium enrichment to 3.67%, cut its stockpile by 98%, and accept intrusive inspections. In exchange, the UN, EU, and U.S. lifted nuclear-related sanctions.
Outcome
Short Term
Iran's breakout time extended from 2-3 months to over a year. Oil exports resumed, bringing billions into Iran's economy.
Long Term
The deal held until the U.S. withdrew in 2018. Iran gradually abandoned restrictions starting in 2019. By 2025, the agreement was functionally dead.
Why It's Relevant Today
The JCPOA remains the template for any new deal—and a cautionary tale. Iran saw the U.S. withdrawal as proof that agreements don't guarantee security; Washington sees Iran's subsequent enrichment as proof Tehran can't be trusted.
Trump-Kim Singapore Summit (2018)
June 2018
What Happened
Donald Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader when he sat down with Kim Jong Un in Singapore. The summit produced a joint statement committing to "complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula."
Outcome
Short Term
North Korea suspended nuclear and missile tests. Trump declared the threat over.
Long Term
The Hanoi summit in 2019 collapsed. North Korea resumed testing and expanded its arsenal. No denuclearization occurred.
Why It's Relevant Today
The Singapore summit showed Trump's willingness to meet adversaries directly and claim victory from photo ops. But it also demonstrated that summitry without detailed verification mechanisms produces atmospherics, not disarmament.
Libya's Nuclear Disarmament (2003)
December 2003
What Happened
After secret negotiations with the U.S. and UK, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi announced complete abandonment of his nuclear weapons program. International inspectors verified the dismantlement, and Libya shipped nuclear components to the United States.
Outcome
Short Term
Libya received sanctions relief and diplomatic normalization. The Bush administration touted it as a model.
Long Term
In 2011, NATO-backed rebels overthrew and killed Gaddafi. Iranian and North Korean leaders cite Libya as proof that disarmament invites regime change.
Why It's Relevant Today
The "Libya model" haunts these negotiations. Khamenei has explicitly rejected following Gaddafi's path. Any deal must address Iran's core fear: that disarmament leaves the regime vulnerable to the same fate.
