The United States returned to Iraq in 2014 after ISIS captured Mosul and threatened Baghdad. Twelve years later, American forces completed their withdrawal from federal Iraqi territory on January 17, 2026, with the Iraqi Army assuming full control of Al-Asad Air Base in Anbar province. The facility once housed up to 5,000 coalition troops and survived Iranian missile strikes in 2020. Roughly 2,000 US troops remain in Iraq's Kurdistan region and Syria to continue counter-ISIS operations through at least September 2026.
The United States returned to Iraq in 2014 after ISIS captured Mosul and threatened Baghdad. Twelve years later, American forces completed their withdrawal from federal Iraqi territory on January 17, 2026, with the Iraqi Army assuming full control of Al-Asad Air Base in Anbar province. The facility once housed up to 5,000 coalition troops and survived Iranian missile strikes in 2020. Roughly 2,000 US troops remain in Iraq's Kurdistan region and Syria to continue counter-ISIS operations through at least September 2026.
The withdrawal immediately tested Prime Minister Sudani's pledge that foreign forces leaving would eliminate justification for armed groups outside state control. Within days, nearly 5,000 fighters from Iran-backed PMF factions—including Kataib Hezbollah and Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba—crossed into Iran to help suppress ongoing protests against Tehran's government. The deployment revealed the limits of Baghdad's authority over militias formally integrated into state security structures, and whether this withdrawal resembles 2011's temporary exit or marks a permanent shift now depends on Iraq's ability to assert sovereignty over armed groups that answer to Tehran.
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People Involved
Mohammed Shia al-Sudani
Prime Minister of Iraq (In office since October 2022; coalition won 2025 parliamentary elections)
Abdul Amir Rashid Yarallah
Chief of Staff, Iraqi Armed Forces (Oversaw Al-Asad handover ceremony on January 18, 2026)
Organizations Involved
CO
Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve
Military Coalition
Status: Winding down Iraq mission; continuing Syria operations through September 2026
US-led coalition of 86 nations formed to defeat ISIS in Iraq and Syria.
PO
Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF)
Iraqi State Militia Umbrella
Status: Formally part of Iraqi security structure; substantial autonomy retained by Iran-backed factions
Coalition of approximately 67 armed factions, primarily Shia, integrated into Iraq's security apparatus.
UN
United States Central Command (CENTCOM)
Military Command
Status: Consolidating Middle East presence; focused on Syria ISIS operations
US military command responsible for operations across 21 countries in the Middle East and Central Asia.
Timeline
Al-Asad handover completed
Withdrawal
Iraqi Army assumes full control of Al-Asad Air Base. All US personnel and equipment removed from the facility.
Iraq announces completion of federal withdrawal
Withdrawal
Iraqi government formally announces US forces completed full withdrawal from military facilities within federal territory, excluding Kurdistan region.
Iran welcomes Al-Asad evacuation
Political
Iranian government expresses satisfaction with US withdrawal from Al-Asad Air Base, calling it a positive development.
US warns Iran over militia use against protesters
Political
Washington warns Tehran against deploying foreign militias to suppress Iranian protests after Iraqi PMF fighters cross border.
Iraqi militias deploy to Iran for protest suppression
Political
Nearly 5,000 fighters from Iran-backed Iraqi militias including Kataib Hezbollah and Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba cross into Iran to help suppress anti-government protests.
Sudani announces small force will remain
Policy
PM reverses full withdrawal plan; 250-350 advisers stay at Al-Asad due to 'developments in Syria.'
US begins Al-Asad withdrawal
Withdrawal
American forces start departing Al-Asad as part of transition to bilateral security relationship.
Assad regime falls in Syria
Political
Syrian government collapses after rebel offensive. US doubles Syria troop presence to counter ISIS resurgence risk.
US-Iraq withdrawal agreement signed
Agreement
Baghdad and Washington agree to end coalition mission in Iraq by September 2025, with Syria operations continuing to 2026.
Tower 22 attack kills 3 US soldiers
Attack
Drone strike on Jordan base near Syria border causes first US combat deaths since 2020.
Militia attacks on US bases resume
Attack
Islamic Resistance in Iraq begins drone and rocket attacks on US forces following Hamas attack on Israel.
Iran strikes Al-Asad with ballistic missiles
Attack
IRGC launches Operation Martyr Soleimani, firing 12+ missiles at Al-Asad Air Base. No US fatalities.
US kills Qasem Soleimani
Military
Drone strike at Baghdad airport kills IRGC-Quds Force commander and Iraqi militia leader.
Iraq declares victory over ISIS
Military
Prime Minister Abadi announces liberation of all Iraqi territory from Islamic State control.
Operation Inherent Resolve established
Military
Pentagon creates Combined Joint Task Force to coordinate 86-nation coalition against ISIS.
Obama orders US forces back to Iraq
Policy
President Obama dispatches 300 special operations troops to advise Iraqi forces against ISIS.
ISIS captures Mosul
Military
Islamic State seizes Iraq's second-largest city; Iraqi Army divisions collapse within hours.
US completes first Iraq withdrawal
Withdrawal
Last US combat troops depart Iraq per 2008 Status of Forces Agreement, ending Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Scenarios
1
US Maintains Kurdistan Presence Through 2027 and Beyond
Discussed by: Washington Institute, Long War Journal, Kurdistan Regional Government officials
The most likely near-term outcome. US forces consolidate in Erbil and Harir bases in Kurdistan, where the regional government welcomes their presence as a protective shield. Troop levels stabilize below 2,000. The US continues Syria counter-ISIS operations from Kurdistan while maintaining its largest consulate in the world in Erbil. This trajectory resembles the post-2011 drawdown that left advisory capacity intact, though with a smaller footprint concentrated in friendlier territory.
2
ISIS Resurgence Forces US Combat Return
Discussed by: Council on Foreign Relations, Pentagon quarterly reports, Long War Journal
ISIS conducted approximately 700 attacks in 2024—triple the 2023 rate. Post-Assad Syria created new operational space. If Iraqi forces prove unable to contain a resurgent threat, pressure mounts for US combat redeployment, echoing the 2014 return after the 2011 withdrawal. The December 2025 launch of Operation Hawkeye Strike shows Washington's willingness to escalate when ISIS exploits instability.
Discussed by: Brookings Institution, Washington Institute, Gulf International Forum
Sudani's pledge to disarm militias after the US withdrawal goes unfulfilled. Iran-backed PMF factions retain weapons, economic networks, and external command structures while nominally integrating into state forces. Washington responds with sanctions or reduced security cooperation. Iraq becomes more firmly in Iran's orbit, and the bilateral relationship established in the 2024 agreement erodes.
4
Full US Withdrawal from Iraq and Syria by 2027
Discussed by: Stand Together foreign policy analysts, anti-intervention advocates
Domestic political pressure or regional escalation leads Washington to complete withdrawal from both Iraq's Kurdish region and Syria. This would end the 23-year post-2003 military engagement. Analysts note this scenario requires either a collapse of the ISIS threat or a strategic decision to accept regional partners handling it alone—neither currently appears imminent.
Historical Context
US Withdrawal from Iraq (2011)
December 2011
What Happened
Under the 2008 Status of Forces Agreement signed by President Bush, the last 50,000 US troops departed Iraq by December 18, 2011. President Obama had sought to keep 10,000 troops but negotiations collapsed when Iraq's parliament refused to grant legal immunity to remaining forces.
Outcome
Short Term
Prime Minister Maliki consolidated power, purging Sunni officials and military leaders. Sectarian tensions escalated.
Long Term
By June 2014, ISIS captured Mosul with minimal resistance from an Iraqi Army hollowed out by political interference. The US returned within months, restarting the cycle this withdrawal now completes.
Why It's Relevant Today
The 2011 withdrawal created conditions for ISIS's rise. This time, US officials argue Iraqi forces are more capable, but the test of that claim lies ahead. The question isn't whether the US is leaving—it's whether the departure sticks.
US Bases Close in Philippines (1991-1992)
September 1991 – November 1992
What Happened
The Philippine Senate rejected renewal of the bases agreement by a 12-11 vote in September 1991, following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Clark Air Base closed in November 1991; Subic Bay Naval Base in November 1992—ending nearly a century of US military presence.
Outcome
Short Term
The Philippines lost billions in base-related economic activity. The US lost its largest overseas air and naval facilities.
Long Term
Rising Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea shifted Philippine calculus. In 2014, the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement brought US forces back to Philippine bases on a rotational basis.
Why It's Relevant Today
Demonstrates how withdrawals driven by domestic politics can reverse when strategic circumstances change. China's regional expansion prompted Manila to invite US forces back; a similar dynamic could occur if ISIS resurges or Iran's influence grows.
Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan (1989)
May 1988 – February 1989
What Happened
After nine years of counterinsurgency against US-backed mujahideen, the Soviet Union withdrew 100,000 troops under the Geneva Accords. The last Soviet soldier crossed the Friendship Bridge on February 15, 1989.
Outcome
Short Term
The Moscow-backed Najibullah government survived three years, longer than Western analysts predicted, sustained by continued Soviet aid.
Long Term
When Soviet aid ended in 1992, the government collapsed. Afghanistan descended into civil war, enabling the Taliban's 1996 takeover and eventual al-Qaeda sanctuary.
Why It's Relevant Today
Shows that withdrawal outcomes depend less on the departure itself than on sustained support afterward. The US pledges continued advisory relationships and aid to Iraqi forces—the durability of that commitment will shape whether this withdrawal resembles the Philippines (temporary) or Afghanistan (lasting).
